Introduction of C:
Ø ‘C’ seems a strange name for a
programming language. But this strange sounding language is one of the most
popular computer languages today because it is a structured, high-level,
machine independent language. It allows software developers to develop programs
without worrying about the hardware platforms where they will be implemented.
Ø ‘C’ language was developed by Dennis
Ritchie at Bell laboratories in 1972.
Some facts about C:
Ø
In 1988,
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) had formalized the C
language.
Ø
C was invented to
write UNIX operating system.
Ø
C is a successor of
'Basic Combined Programming Language' (BCPL) called B language.
Ø
Linux OS, PHP,
and MySQL are written in C.
Ø
C has been written in
assembly language.
C has been popular for the following reasons:
·
One of the early
programming languages.
·
Still, the best
programming language to learn quickly.
·
C language is reliable,
simple and easy to use.
·
C language is a
structured language.
·
Modern programming
concepts are based on C.
·
It can be compiled on a
variety of computer platforms.
·
Universities preferred
to add C programming in their courseware.
Advantages
of C:
·
C is the building block
for many other programming languages.
·
Programs written in C
are highly portable.
·
Several standard
functions are there (like in-built) that can be used to develop programs.
·
C programs are
collections of C library functions, and it's also easy to add own functions to
the C library.
·
The modular structure
makes code debugging, maintenance and testing easier.
Disadvantages
of C:
·
C does not provide
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts.
·
There are no concepts of
Namespace in C.
·
C does not provide
binding or wrapping up of data in a single unit.
·
C does not provide
Constructor and Destructor.
Character
set used in C:
A character denotes any alphabets,
digit or special symbol used to represent information.
|
Letters |
Digits |
Special
Characters |
|
Upper case A….Z Lower case a……z |
All decimal digits 0…………..9 |
, . ; ? ( ) {} $ % * |
Ø Use of comments: Comment lines are not executing statement.
//Program
written by SA sir
Ø Identifiers:
Identifiers refer to the name of
variables, functions. Both upper case and lower case letters are permitted, through
lower case letters are commonly used.
Ø Keywords:
Keywords are the words whose
meaning has already been explained to the C compiler. All keywords must be
written in lower case. There are 32
keywords in C. Keywords cannot be used as variable name.
|
auto |
double |
int |
struct |
|
break |
else |
long |
switch |
|
case |
enum |
register |
typedef |
|
char |
extern |
return |
union |
|
const |
float |
short |
unsigned |
|
signed |
continue |
for |
void |
|
default |
goto |
sizeof |
volatile |
|
do |
if |
static |
while |
Ø Token:
The smallest individualunit in a
program is called C token. C token has six tokens.
|
Keywords |
Constant |
String |
Operators |
Special Symbol |
Identifier |
|
int,
float |
3.14,
10 |
“ABC” “Kajol” |
+
- * / |
{
} ( ) [ ] |
a,
b, l, h |
Ø Data type in C language:
Data types are mainly used to
define the type and nature of data such that compiler detects and proceeds.
Data types used in C are as
follows:
i)
int: -int is the
keyword for integer. It contains the whole numbers between -32,768 to 32,767.
It requires 2 bytes memory and its type specifier is %d.
Examples: - int a=10;
ii)
float: - float is
the keyword for floating numbers i.e. fractional numbers. It contains number
3.4e – 38 to 3.4e+38. It requires 4 bytes memory and its
type specifier is %f. Example: - float pi=3.14;
iii)
char: - char is
the keyword for character. It represents the single alphabet. It requires 1-byte
memory and its type specifier is %c. Example: - char choice;
Ø Variable: -
A variable is a data name that may
be used to store a data value. A variable may take different values at
different times during program execution. Variable names may consist of
letters, digits and the underscore (_) characters. A variable name can be
chosen by the programmer in a meaningful way so as to reflect its functions or
nature in the program.
Rules
for variable naming: -
1. They must begin with a letter.
2. ANSI (American National Standard
Institute) standard recognizes a length of 31 characters. However, length
should not be normally more than 8 characters, since only the first 8
characters are treated as significant by many compilers.
3. Upper case and lower case are
significant that is, the variable area
is not the same as Area or AREA.
4. It should not be a keyword.
5. White space is not allowed.
Example: - Roll No is invalid but
Roll_No is valid variable name.
Types
of variable: -
There are 2 types of variables.
·
Numeric Variable: - The variables which stores the
numeric data only is called numeric variable. It can be whole number or decimal
number. Example: 10, 11, 3.14 etc.
·
String Variables: - The variable which stores the
character data only is called String variable. It can be a single character or
string. Examples: ‘a’, “apple” etc.
Ø Constant: -
A constant is a value that does not change
during the program execution. There are several types of constants. They are:
a)
Integer constant: - An integer constant refers a
sequence of digits. Examples: 123, 23, 0 etc.
b)
Real (Floating constant): - Floating point constant contains
a decimal point. Examples: 3.14, 6.12, etc
c)
Character: - A character constants are
enclosed within single quote. Examples: ‘a’, ‘b’ etc.
d)
String constant: - A string constant is a sequence
of characters enclosed in double quote.
Examples:
“Hi this is NA sir”, “2015” etc.
e)
Symbolic constant: - A symbolic constant is simply an
identifier used in place of a constant. In C symbolic constants are usually
defined at the start of program. Examples:
# define pi
3.14
OPERATOR
An operator is a symbol that
instructs C to perform some operation on one or more operands. The data on
which operator are performed is called Operand. For example: p=3+4; P, 3 and 4
are operands whereas = and + are operator and p=7 is the result.
The operators provided by C
language are as follows:
1.
Arithmetic Operator:
Operators which are used in
mathematical expression are called arithmetical operators. The various
arithmetic operators are:
|
Operators |
Name |
Example |
|
+ |
Addition |
a=2+3=5 |
|
- |
Subtraction |
a=5-1=4 |
|
* |
Multiplication |
a=3*4=12 |
|
/ |
Division |
a=12/2=6 |
|
% |
Modulus(Remainder) |
a=12%2=0 |
2.
Logical Operator
These operators are generally used
in conditional expression. The three logical operators in C are as follows:
a)
&&
(Logical AND)
b)
||
(Logical OR)
c)
!
(Logical NOT)
3.
Assignment Operator
The assignment operator calculates
the expression on the right side and gives the values of left side variables.
Example: - a=2+3=5
C has a set of “shorthand”
assignment operator of the form
V op = exp;
Where, V is variable, op is
arithmetic operator and exp is an
expression. Example: a+ = 1
i.e. a = a+1
Here, at first the arithmetic
operation is performed than only assignment operation is performed.
4.
Relational Operator
It is used to compare the values
between operands and gives a result whether it is true or false. It is also
called comparison operator due to its comparing characteristics. There are 6
relational operators are:
|
< |
Less than |
|
< = |
Less than equal to |
|
> |
Greater than |
|
>= |
Greater than equal to |
|
= = |
Equal to |
|
! = |
Not equal to |
5.
Ternary Operator (? :)
C has only ternary operator of this
operators result in terse (shorten) and compact mode.
Syntax:
<condition>?<expression-1>:<expression-2>
If the condition is true,
expression-1 will be executed; otherwise, expression-2 will be executed. The?
is similar to if -else statement.
Example:
intx,a,b;
a=6;
b=10;
x= (a<b)? a: b;
printf("%d",x);
Here, the value of x is 6.
6.
Unary Operator
The increment and decrement
operator are very useful in C language. The syntax of operator is:
a.
+ + variable name (increment prefix) eg: ++a
b.
variable name + + (increment postfix) eg: a++
c.
-- variable name (decrement prefix) eg: --a
d.
variable name- - (decrement postfix) e.g: a--
7.
Comma Operator
The comma operator can be used to
link the related expressions together. A comma-linked list of expressions is
evaluated left to right and the value of right-most expression is the value of
the combined expression. For examples: The statement
F= (a=2,
b=3, a+b)
First assigns the value 2 to a, then assign 3 to b and finally assigns 5 to F.
Header
file:
A header file is a file with extension .h which
contains C function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between
several source files.
#include<stdio.h>
It is the standard input/output header file. It
contains the function definition of input output functions such as scanf(),
printf(), etc.
#include<conio.h>
It is a header file use in console input output
function such as clrscr() , getch(), etc.
#include<math.h>
This header file is used for mathematical
function such as pow(), sqrt(), sin(), etc.
#include<string.h>
This header file is used for string processing
such as strlen(), strcpy, etc.
#DECISIONS MAKING STATEMENTS :
The statement which display one
statement when the condition is true, otherwise display another statement is
known as decision-making statement. Since these statement “control” the flow of
execution, they are also known as control statements.
C language has following types of decision-making
statements are available as follows:
a) Simple if statement
b) if –else statement
c) Nested if-else statement
d) else---if ladder
e) Switch –case statement
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
Statement-block;
}
The ‘statement-block’ may be a
single statement or a group of statements. If the test expression is true, the
statement block will be executed; otherwise the statement-block will be skipped
and the execution will jump to the statement-x. Remember, when the condition is
true both the statement block and the statement-x are executed in sequence.
Consider the following segment of a
program that is written for processing of marks obtained in an entrance
examination.
………………….
………………….
if (category= = sports)
{
Marks= marks + bonus_marks;
}
printf(“ %f ”,marks);
………………….
………………….
The program tests the type of
category of the student. If the student belongs to the SPORTS category, then
additional bonus_marks are added to his marks before they are printed. For
others, bonus_marks are not added.
b) if---else statement
The if --- else statement is an
extension of the simple if statement.
If the test expression is true,
then the true-block statements, immediately following the if statement are
executed; otherwise, the false-block statements are executed. In either case,
either true-block or false block will be executed, not both. This is shown in flowchart
below. In both the cases, the control is transferred subsequently to the
statement-x.
if (test expression)
{
True –block statement(s);
}
else
{
False-block statement(s);
}
Statement-x;
Let us consider an example of
counting the number of boys and girls in a class. We use code 1 for a boy and 2
for a girl. The program statement to do this may be written as follows.
………………….
………………….
if(code= = 1)
boy=
boy+1;
if(code= = 2)
girl=girl+1;
………………….
………………….
The first test determines whether
or not the student is a boy. If yes, the number of boys is increased by 1 and
the program continues to the second test. The second test again determines
whether the student is a girl. This is unnecessary. Once a student is
identified as a boy, there is no need to test again for a girl, not both. The
above program segment can be modified using the else clause as follows.
………………….
………………….
if(code = = 1)
boy=boy+1;
else
girl=girl+1;
………………….
c) Nested if ----- else statement
When a series of decisions are
involved, we may have to use more than one if ----else statement in nested form
as shown below:
if(test condition-1)
{
if(test condition-2)
Statement-1;
}
else
{
Statement-2;
}
}
else
{
Statement-3;
}
Statement-x;
If the condition-1 is false, the
statement-3 will be executed; otherwise it continues to perform the second
test. If the condition-2 is true, the statement -1 will be executed; otherwise
the statement-2 will be executed and then the control is transformed to the
statement –x.
A commercial bank has introduced an
incentive policy of giving bonus to all its deposit holders. The policy is as
follows: A bonus of 2% of the balance held on 31st December is given
to everyone, irrespective of their balance, and 5% is given to female account
holders if their balance is more than Rs. 5000. This logic can be coded as
follows:
…….
if(sex is female)
{
if(balance >5000)
bonus=0.05*balance;
else
bonus=0.02*balance;
}
else
{
bonus=0.02*balance;
}
balance=balance+bonus;
……………
d) The else---if ladder
This is another way of putting ifs
together when multipath decisions are involved. A multipath decision is a chain
of ifs in which the statement associated with each else is an if.
It takes the following general
form:
if (condition 1)
statement-1;
else if (condition 2)
statement-2;
else if (condition 3)
statement-3;
else if (condition n)
statement-n;
else
default
- statement;
statement –x;
This construct is known as the
else - if ladder. The conditions are
evaluated from the top (of the ladder) to downwards. As soon as a true
condition is found, the statement associated with it is executed and the
control is transferred to the statement – x (skipping the rest of ladder). When
all the “n” conditions become false, then the final else containing the default
– statement will be executed.
Let us consider an example of
grading the students in an academic instituting. The grading is done according
to the following rules:
|
Average
Marks |
Grade |
|
80 to 100 |
Distinction |
|
60 to 79 |
First Division |
|
50 to 59 |
Second Division |
|
40 to 49 |
Third Division |
|
0 to 39 |
Fail |
This grading can be done using the
else if ladder as follows:
if(marks>79)
grade=”Distinction”;
else if(marks>59)
grade=”First
Division”;
else if(marks>49)
grade=”Second
Division”;
else if(marks>39)
grade=”Third
Division”;
else
grade=”Fail”;
printf(“%s\n”,grade);
e)
Switch- Case Statement
switch(expression)
{
case value-1:
block-1;break;
case value-2:
block-2;
break;
…………………….
…………………….
default:
default – block;
break;
}
statement – x;
When the switch is executed, the
value of the expression is successfully compared against the values value-1,value-2,..
If a case is found whose value
matches with the value of the expression, then the block of statements that
follow the case are executed.
The break statement at the end of each block signals the end of a
particular case and causes an exit from the switch statement, transferring the
control to the statement-x following with switch.
The default is an optional case. When present, it will be executed if
the value of the expression does not match with any of the case values. If not
present, no action takes place if all matches fail and the control goes to the
statement-x.
Let us consider an example, which
displays the name of 7 days according to input numbers. This can be shown as
follows:
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf(“Sunday”);
break;
case 2:
printf(“Monday”);
break;
--------------
--------------
case 7:
printf(“Saturday”);
defaults:
printf(“Enter the number between 1
to 7”);
}
Looping:
The
process of executing the same statement repeatedly until a condition is
satisfied is called looping.
If
the task or set of instructions required to be executed “n” number of times, we
can use loop statements.
In
C- language we have 3 types of looping structures.
1. For loop
2. While loop
3. Do-while loop
The
for loop is applied in the situation when you exactly know how many times you
want to execute the statements.
Syntax of for loop:
for(initialization;
condition; increment/decrement)
{
--------------------------
--------------------------
}
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main(
)
{
inti;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf("I
am a student of calss 12\n");
}
getch
( );
}
2. While Loop
The while loop executes a statement or a black
of statements as long as a condition evaluates to true. The while loop is
mainly used in situations where you don’t know in advance how many times the
loop will be executed. The loop terminates when the condition evaluates to
false.
Syntax of while loop
Initializations;
while(condition)
{
Statements
……………………….
Increment/decrement
}
c
Example of While -Loop:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main(
)
{
inti=1;
while(i<=10)
{
printf("I
am a student of calss 12\n");
i++;
}
getch(
);
}
3. do-while loop
The
working of do-while loop is identical to that the while loop, except that in
the do-while loop, a condition is checked at the end of the loops after each
iteration. It means that the do-while loop definitely executes at least once
even if the condition is false. Unlike the while loop, a semicolon has to be
placed after while expression in the do-while loop; otherwise, the loop will
not execute.
initialization;
do
{
Statements;
Increment/decrement
}
while
condition ( );
Examples of do-while loop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
inti=1;
do
{
printf("
I am a student of calss 12\n");
i++;
}while(i<=5);
getch();
}
Nested loop
The
loop inside the another loop is called nested loop.
# Differences between
while and do-while loop:
|
While loop |
do-while loop |
|
1.
Condition is evaluated before the statement is executed. |
1.
Condition is evaluated after the statement is executed. |
|
2.
It is an entry control loop. |
2.
It is an exit control loop. |
|
3.
It has a keyword While. |
3.
It has two keyword do and while. |
|
4.
Semicolon is not placed after the while condition. |
4.
Semicolon is placed after the while condition. |
|
5.
It does not execute a statement when the condition is false. |
5.
It executes statement once even the condition is false. |
|
6.
Example: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main(
) { inti=1; while(i<=10) { printf("I
am a student of class 11\n"); i++; } getch(
); } |
6.
Example: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main(
) { inti=1; do { printf("
I am a student of class 11\n"); i++; }while(i<=5); getch(
); }
|
Infinite loop
The loops that do not end are called infinite loop.
Generally, infinite loops are used in server code where the servers have to run
without any interruption.
Example:
for
( ; ; )
{
}
Break and continue statement:
1. Break statement:
The
break statement is used to exit from a while, for, do-while or switch
structures. It can only be used inside the body of a for, while, do-while, or
switch statement.
2. Continue Statement:
The continuous causes the loop to be
conditioned with the next iteration after skipping any statements in between.
The continue statements tells the compiler “skip the following statements and
continue with the next iteration”.
# Differentiate between Break and
Continue Statement
|
Break Statement |
Continue Statement |
|
1.
The break statement is used to terminate the control from the switch-case and
loop structure. |
1.
The continue statement is used to by-pass the execution of the further
statements. |
|
2.
When break statement encountered the entire loop or switch statement is
terminated. |
2.
When continue statement is encountered the entire loop is not terminated;
only that particular iteration is skipped. |
|
3.
It uses a keyword break. |
3.
It uses a keyword continue. |
|
4.
It can be used in both loop and switch case. |
4.
It can be only used in loop structure. |
|
5.
Example: main(
) {
inti; for
(i=1;i<=10;i++) { if(i=
=2) break; printf("%d",i); } getch
( ); } Output:
1 |
5.
example: main(
) {
inti; for
(i=1;i<=10;i++) {if(i=
=2) continue; printf("%d\t",i); } getch(
); } Output: 1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 |
Homework
Questions
C-1
(Introduction of C)
1.1 Define data
type. Explain different types of data types used in C programming with
examples.
1.2 What is an
operator? Explain different types of operators used in C programming with
examples.
1.3 What is variable? Write its types. Define the
terms identifier and keywords with example.
1.4 Differentiate between while and do-while loop with
examples.
1.5 What is
looping? Compare “For”, “while”,”do-while” loops with examples.
1.6 Differentiate between break and continue statements with examples.
PROGRAMMING PART-1
1. WAP to find out whether the input number
is even or odd?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter any number=");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n%2==0)
printf("The entered number is even.");
else
printf("The entered number is odd.");
getch( );
}
2. WAP to accept any 3 numbers and print
the largest number among them?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void
main( )
{
inta,b,c;
printf("Enter
any three numbers=");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b&&a>c)
printf("The
largest integer=%d",a);
else
if(b>a&&b>c)
printf("The
largest integer=%d",b);
else
printf("The
largest integer=%d",c);
getch(
);
}
3. WAP that checks whether the number
entered by user is exactly divisible by 5 but not by 11?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void
main( )
{
int
n;
printf("Enter
a number =");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n%5==0&&n%11!=0)
printf("Entered
number is divisible by 5 but not by 11”);
else
printf("Exit.");
getch(
);
}
4. WAP that enter SP and CP and determine
whether there is profit of loss?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main(
)
{
intsp,cp,p,l;
printf("Enter
the selling price and cost price=");
scanf("%d%d",&sp,&cp);
if(sp>cp)
{
p=sp-cp;
printf("Profit=%d",p);
}
else
{
l=cp-sp;
printf("Loss=%d",l);
}
getch(
);
}
5. WAP to display the series up to 10th
terms.
1
5 9 13
…….
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a=1,c;
for(c=1;c<=10;c++)
{
printf("%d\t",a);
a=a+4;
}
getch( );
}
6. WAP to display the sum of “n” terms of
even numbers?
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main(
) { intn,i,sum=0; printf("Enter
a number="); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
|
{ if(i%2==0) sum=sum+i; } printf("Sum
of even numbers up to %d = %d", n,sum); getch(); }
|
7. WAP to display the multiplication of “n”
number?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n,i,ans;
printf("Enter any numbers=");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
ans=n*i;
printf("%d*%d=%d\n",n,i,ans);
}
getch( );
8. WAP to print the factorial of a given
number?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
intn,i,f=1;
printf("enter the number=");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
f=f*i;
printf("Factorial of %d =%d",n,f);
getch( );
}
9. WAP to print the 10 positive integers
and their factorials?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main(
)
{
intn,i,f=1;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
f=f*i;
printf("Factorial
of %d =%d\n",i,f);
}
getch(
);
}
10. WAP to check whether the input number
is prime number or not?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
inti, n;
printf("\nEnter any number : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=2;i<n;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
printf("\nThe number %d is not prime",n);
break;
}
}
if(i==n)
printf("\nThe number %d is prime",n);
getch( );
}
11. WAP to display the prime numbers from 1
to 100?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ( )
{
intn,i;
for(i=1;i<=100;i++)
{
for(n=2;n<i;n++)
{
if(i%n==0)
break;
}
if(i==n)
printf("%d\t",n);
}
getch();
}
12. WAP to display Fibonacci series i.e.
0 1
1 2 3
5 ………
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main(
)
{
int
a=0,b=1,c,i;
printf("%d\t%d\t",a,b);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
c=a+b;
a=b;
b=c;
printf("%d\t",c);
}
getch();
}
13. WAP to display 1 for Sunday, 2 for
Monday etc.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main
( )
{
int
choice;
printf("Enter
the numbers of the days=");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case
1:
printf("Sunday");
break;
case
2:
printf("Monday");
break;
case
3:
printf("Tuesday");
break;
case
4:
printf("Wednesday");
break;
case
5:
printf("Thursday");
break;
case
6:
printf("Friday");
break;
case
7:
printf("Saturday");
break;
default:
printf("Wrong
Choice");
}
getch(
);
}
14. WAP to read a 4-digit number and
display it in reverse order?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
intnum;
printf("enter
a number=");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("The
number in reverse order=");
printf("%d",num%10);
num=num/10;
printf("%d",num%10);
num=num/10;
printf("%d",num%10);
num=num/10;
printf("%d",num%10);
getch(
);
}
15.
WAP to display 1
12
123
1234
12345 ?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
inti,j;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d",j);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch( );
}
16. WAP to display 1
22
333
4444
55555 ?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ( )
{
inti,j;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d",i);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch( );
}
17. WAP to display *
**
***
****
***** ?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
inti,j;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch( );
}
18.
WAP to display 4321
321
21
1
?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ( )
{
inti,j;
for(i=4;i>0;i--)
{
for(j=i;j>0;j--)
{
printf("%d",j);
}
printf("\n");
printf(" ");
}
getch( );
}
19. WAP to display 12345
1234
123
12
1 ?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
inti,j;
for(i=5;i>=1;i--)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d",j);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
20.
WAP to display 55555
4444
333
22
1 ?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
inti,j;
for(i=5;i>=1;i--)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d",i);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch( );
}
21. WAP to display *****
****
***
**
* ?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main(
)
{
inti,j;
for(i=5;i>=1;i--)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch(
); }
22.
WAP to enter a string and check whether the entered string is palindrome or
not? [A string is said to be palindrome if it remains same if we reverse it.
Eg:- ADA,LIRIL,MALAYALAM,MADAM]
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char str[30],temp[30];
printf("Enter a
string\n");
scanf("%s",str);
strcpy(temp,str);
strrev(temp);
if(strcmp(temp,str)==0)
printf("String is
palindrome");
else
printf("String is not
palindrome");
getch();
}
23. WAP to display
the Armstrong number to ”n” numbers. [An Armstrong number is that whose sum of
cube of digits is equal to number itself. Example:-371=33+73+13]
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
inta,j,arm,sum,k;
printf("Armstrong numbers up to what?");
scanf("%d",&arm);
for(a=1;a<=arm;a++)
{
sum=0;
j=a;
while(j!=0)
{
k=j%10;
sum=sum+k*k*k;
j/=10;
}
if(a==sum)
printf("\n%d is Armstrong",sum);
}
getch();
}
24. WAP a menu driven program to perform
the following task
a.
to find the factorial of a given number
b.
to find whether the input number is prime or not.
c.
to find whether the input number is odd or even.
d.
Multiplication table of input number
e.
exit
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
intchoice,num,i;
long
int m=1;
printf("\n\n1.Factorial
number\n");
printf("2.
prime\n");
printf("3.Odd
or even\n");
printf("4.Multiplication
table\n");
printf("5.Exit\n");
printf("Enter
your choice(1/2/3/4/5)=");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case
1:
printf("enter
the number=");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=num;i>0;--i)
m=m*i;
printf("Factorial
of %d =%ld",num,m);
break;
case
2: printf("Enter number=");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=2;i<num;i++)
{
if(num%i==0)
{
printf("\n Not prime.");
break;
}
}
if(i==num)
printf("\n
Prime number");
break;
case
3:
printf("Enter
a number=");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num%2==0)
printf("\n
Even number");
else
printf("\n Odd numbers");
break;
case
4:
printf("Enter
number=");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
intmult=num*i;
printf("\t
%dX%d=%d\n",num,i,mult);
}
break;
case
5:
exit(0);
default:
printf("You
are not allowed to type other.");
}
getch();
}
25. WAP to accept two numbers and
performs Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ char
choice;
int
n1,n2,result;
printf("Enter
the sign");
scanf("%c",&choice);
printf("Enter
any two numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&n1,&n2);
switch(choice)
{
case'+':
result=n1+n2;
printf("sum=%d",result);
break;
case'-':
result=n1-n2;
printf("subtraction=%d",result);
break;
case'*':
result=n1*n2;
printf("Multiplication=%d",result);
break;
case'/':
result=n1/n2;
printf("Division=%d",result);
break;
case'%':
result=n1%n2;
printf("Remainder=%d",result);
break;
default:
printf("Enter
the valid key.");
}
getch();
}
26. WAP to make a report card of
exam?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ char
name[30];
intclas,eng,nep,phy,chem,cmp,total;
float
per;
printf("\nEnter
the name of a student=");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("\n
Enter the class=");
scanf("%d",&clas);
printf("\n
Enter the marks in English, Nepali, Physics, Chemistry, Computer=");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d",&eng,&nep,&phy,&chem,&cmp);
total=eng+nep+phy+chem+cmp;
per=total/5;
printf("NAME=%s\n",name);
printf("CLASS=%d\n",clas);
printf("TOTAL=%d\n",total);
printf("Percentage=%0.2f\n",per);
{
if(eng>=35&&nep>=35&&phy>=35&&chem>=35&&cmp>=35)
printf("Result=Passed\n");
else
printf("Result=Failed\n");
if(per>=75)
printf("Division=Distinction");
else
if(per>=60&&per<75)
printf("Division=First");
else if(per>=45&&per<60)
printf("Division=Second");
else
if(per>=35&&per<45)
printf("Division=Thid");
else
printf("Division=Fail");
}
getch();
} THE END
ARRAY
Definition: A composite variable
capable of holding multiple data of same data type under a single variable name
is called array.
Declaration
of Array:
datatype array_name
[size];
Example: - intmarks[10]; int x[4]={1,2,3,4};
Ø
Array size is fixed at the time of array
declaration.
Ø Generally,
we use for loop () to assign data or item in memory and also use this loop to
extract data from memory location.
Types
of Array:
There are 2 types of array.
a) One Dimensional Array (1-D)
b) Two Dimensional Array (2-D)
|
One dimensional Array(1-D) |
Two dimensional Array(2-D) |
|
1) In 1-D
array only one size is used. |
1) In 2-D
array two sizes are used. |
|
2) It is
called list also. |
2) It is
called table or matrix. |
|
3) Declaration: datatype
array_name[size]; |
3)
Declaration: datatype
array_name[size1][size2]; |
|
4) Eg:-
int mark [20]; |
4) Eg:- float
sale[2][3]; |
|
5) In 1-D
array size denotes either row or column. |
5) In 2-D
array size 1 denotes row and size2 denotes column. |
|
6) One
looping statement is used to create or display array items or data. |
6) Two
looping statements are used to create or display array items or data. |
A1.
WAP that inputs the marks of 5 students and display on the screen?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int marks[5],i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("Enter %d
marks=",i+1);
scanf("%d",&marks[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\nMarks of %d student
= %d \n",i+1,marks[i]);
}
getch( );
}
OUTPUT:
A2.
WAP to store 10 numbers and print the largest among them?
[HSEB-2064]
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int
n[10],i,largest;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("Enter
any %d numbers=",i+1);
scanf("%d",&n[i]);
}
largest=n[0];
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(n[i]>largest)
{
largest=n[i];
}
}
printf("Largest
Number =%d.",largest);
getch( );
}
A3.
WAP to find the largest number among “nth” numbers?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
inti,n,num[100],max;
printf("Enter
the size of array not more than 100\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter
the %d number =",i+1);
scanf("%d",&num[i]);
}
max=num[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(num[i]>max)
max=num[i];
}
printf("The
largest number in array = %d ", max);
getch();
}
A4.
WAP to sort an array of “n” elements in ascending order?
[HSEB-2065,2067] 10 marks
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
inti,j,n,num[100],temp;
printf("Enter the size of
array not more than 100\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the %d number
=",i+1);
scanf("%d",&num[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(num[i]>num[j])
{
temp=num[i];
num[i]=num[j];
num[j]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("Series in Ascending
order\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d \t",num[i]);
}
getch( ); }
A5. WAP to sort an array of “n” elements in
descending order? [HSEB 2063,2068] 10 marks
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
inti,j,n,num[100],temp;
printf("Enter the size of
array not more than 100\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the %d number
=",i+1);
scanf("%d",&num[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(num[i]<num[j])
{
temp=num[i];
num[i]=num[j];
num[j]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("Series in Ascending
order\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d \t",num[i]);
}
getch( ); }
A6.
WAP to input “n” numbers and find out the greatest and smallest number?
[HSEB-2062]
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
int n,i,max,a[100],min;
printf("Enter the size of
array not more than 100\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter %d
number=",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
max=a[0];
min=a[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]>max)
max=a[i];
else if(a[i]< min )
min=a[i];
else
;
}
printf("Greatest
number=%d\n",max);
printf("Smallest
number=%d",min);
getch();
}
A7.
WAP to input names of “n” numbers of students and sort them in alphabetical
order? [HSEB-2062,2068] 10 marks
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char name[100][100],temp[100];
inti,j,n;
printf("Enter numbers of
students");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter %d student
name=",i+1);
scanf("%s",name[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(strcmp(name[i],name[j])>0)
{
strcpy(temp,name[i]);
strcpy(name[i],name[j]);
strcpy(name[j],temp);
}
}
}
printf("Sorted
Alphabetically\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%s\n",name[i]);
}
getch( );
}
A8.
WAP which reads salary of 25 employees and count the number of employees who
are getting salary between 30,000 to 40,000?
[HSEB-
2061, 2062, 2063, 2068, 2070] 10 marks
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int
salary[25],i,c=0;
for(i=0;i<25;i++)
{
printf("Enter
the salary of %d employee=\n ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&salary[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<25;i++)
{
if(salary[i]>=30000
&& salary[i]<=40000)
{
c=c+1;
}
}
printf("Total number of
employee who are getting salary in the range of 30,000 to 40,000
are=%d",c);
getch();
}
A9. WAP to add two matrices by
supplying elements of matrices by the user?
[HSEB-
2065,2069] 10
marks
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int
m1[3][4],m2[3][4],m3[3][4],r,c;
printf("Enter the elements
of the first matrix ");
for(r=0;r<3;r++)
{
for(c=0;c<4;c++)
{
scanf("%d",&m1[r][c]);
}
}
printf("Enter the elements
of the second matrix ");
for(r=0;r<3;r++)
{
for(c=0;c<4;c++)
{
scanf("%d",&m2[r][c]);
}
}
for(r=0;r<3;r++)
{
for(c=0;c<4;c++)
{
m3[r][c]=m1[r][c]+m2[r][c];
}
}
printf("The sum of two
matrices is ");
printf("\n");
for(r=0;r<3;r++)
{
for(c=0;c<4;c++)
{
printf("%d\t",m3[r][c]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
A10.
WAP to transpose a matrix?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
inti,j,temp;
int
a[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
temp=a[i][j];
a[i][j]=a[j][i];
a[j][i]=temp;
}
}
printf("Transpose
matrixes\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%d\t",a[j][i]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Homework
Questions
C-2 (Array)
2.1
What is an array? Differentiate between 1-D and 2-D array.
2.2
WAP to find the largest among “n” numbers?
2.3
WAP to store 10 numbers and print the largest among them?
2.4
WAP to sort an array of “n” numbers in ascending orders?
2.5
WAP to sort an array of “n” numbers in descending orders?
2.6
WAP to input “n” numbers and find out the greatest and smallest number?
2.7
WAP to input names of “n” numbers of students and sort them in alphabetical
numbers?
2.8
WAP which reads salary of 25 employees and count the number of employees who
are getting salary between 30,000 to 40,000?
2.9 WAP to add two matrices by supplying elements
of matrices by the user?
2.10
WAP to transpose a matrix?
STRING
Definition:
The collections of the characters are called string. It is always
enclosed in double quotation marks. It contains characters, symbols, numbers
etc. Example: “Kathmandu”, “12345” etc.
String
Handling Functions:
The c library supports many string
handling functions that can be used to carry out many of the string
manipulation. The header file “string.h” is used for string manipulation
functions.
1.
Strlen(variable
name): - This string function is
used to find out the exact length of the string. The return of the strlen
function is integer value.
Syntax:
n= strlen(str);
where str is the string and n is
the length of string , returned by strlen function.
Example:
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> main() { int l; char str[100]; printf("Enter a string"); scanf("%s",str); l=strlen(str); printf("LENGTH=%d",l); getch(); } |
Output: Enter a string PLKSIR LENGTH=6 |
2.
Strcat(destination,source):-
This string function is used to concatenate / merge two strings in first one.
Syntax:
strcat(str1,str2);
where str1,str2 are the two strings
to be join together.
Example:
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> main() { char a[100],b[100]; printf("Enter string1,string 2"); scanf("%s%s",a,b); strcat(a,b); printf("After concatenating two string
=%s",a); getch(); }
|
Output: Enter string1,string2 PLK SIR After concatenating two string =PLKSIR |
3. Strcmp(string1,string2):- This is used to compare two string each other.
Syntax:
strcmp(str1,str2);
Where str1and str2 are two strings to be compared.
Example:
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> main() { char a[100],b[100]; printf("Enter string1,string
2"); scanf("%s%s",a,b); if(strcmp(a,b)==0) printf("Both strings are
same."); else printf("Both strings are not
same."); getch(); } |
Enter string1,string 2PLK PLK Both strings are
same. // Enter string1,string 2 PLK SIR Both strings are
not same. |
4.
strrev(variable
name):- This is used to reverse string.
Syntax:
strrev(str);
where str is the string to be
reverse in order.
Example:
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> main() { char
str[100]; printf("Enter
a string"); scanf("%s",str); printf("REVERSE
ORDER=%s",strrev(str)); getch(); } |
Output: Enter a
string PLK REVERSE
ORDER=KLP |
5.
Strupr(string):-
This is used to change case of characters.
Syntax:
Strupr(str);
Where str is string to be converted
into uppercase.
Example:
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> main() { char str[100]; printf("Enter a string"); scanf("%s",str); printf("UPPER CASE=%s",strupr(str)); getch(); } |
Output: Enter a string plk UPPER CASE=PLK |
6.
Strlwr(string):-
This is used to change case of characters.
Syntax:
Strlwr(str);
Where str is string to be converted
into lowercase.
Example:
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> main() { char
str[100]; printf("Enter
a string"); scanf("%s",str); printf("lower
case=%s",strlwr(str)); getch(); } |
Output: Enter a string PLKcmP lower case=plkcmp |
7. Strcpy (str1,str2):- It is used to copy one string into other
string.
Syntax:
strcpy(str1,str2);
Where str1,str2 are two strings and
content of string2 is copied on a string str1.
Example:
|
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> main() { char str1[100],str2[100]; printf("Enter a first
string="); scanf("%s",str1); strcpy(str2,str1); printf("After copying the
string =%s",str2); getch(); } |
Output: Enter a first string=REHDON After copying the string =REHDON |
Homework
Questions
C-3 (String Function)
3.1 Describe
any five”string handling functions” with examples.
3.2 What is
string? Explain any four string handling functions with example.
3.3 WAP to read
a line of text and to convert it into uppercase.
3.4 What do you mean by string manipulation? Explain about strcpy and strcat?
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